Classroom Behavior Management And Its Effects On Students Behavior Essay Words | 4 Pages. Classroom behavior management is considered to be one of the most important factors to determine student’s behaviors. With that being said, the study evaluated classroom behavior strategies that are aligned with Positive Behavioral Interventions The study of human behavior is diverse and many studies have been done trying to find more about human behavior. Many researchers have concluded that human behavior is complex and sometimes unpredictable. The environment is one of the major factors in the development of human behavior. The unpredictability of human behavior tries to show that people are unique · Human Behaviour Essay. admin May 18, ‘Human behaviour and performance are the result of multiple influences. ‘ Examine and assess this assertion, drawing on examples from Chapter 1,6 and 7 of Discovering Psychology. Internal and External Influences on Human Behaviour and Performance Research has examined the influence of a wide range of factors on human behaviour Estimated Reading Time: 10 mins
Human Behaviour Essay - Free Argumentative Essays For Students
Nevertheless, many animal behaviour researchers, undaunted by all these specialists, have made Homo sapiens one of their study species, a choice justified by the essay on behavior that theories and methods developed by students of nonhuman animals can often illuminate human affairs in ways that escape scientists whose training and focus is exclusively anthropocentric. The continuity of anatomy, physiology, brain, essay on behavior, and human behaviour between people and other animals clearly implies that nonhuman research can shed light on human nature.
The same is true in basic behavioural research. Consider, for example, the study of hormonal influences on human behaviour. In a more recent example, discoveries concerning the role of androgens in mediating tradeoffs between mating effort and male parental effort in animals with biparental care have inspired studies of the same phenomena in human fathers.
The situation is similar, but much more richly developed, in behavioural neuroscience, where virtually everything now known about the human brain was discovered with crucial inspiration and support from experimental research on homologous structures and processes that serve similar perceptual and cognitive functions in other species.
The fact that Homo sapiens is a member of the animal kingdom also essay on behavior that it is both possible and enlightening to include our species in comparative analysis, essay on behavior. A famous example is the association between testis size and mating systems. If a female mates polyandrously, i, essay on behavior.
Thus, although human testes are smaller than those of the most promiscuous primates, essay on behavior, they are nevertheless larger than would be expected under monogamy; this observation has substantially bolstered the notion that ancestral women were not strictly monogamous in their sexual behaviour and hence that selection may have equipped the human female with facultative inclinations to cuckold their primary partners by clandestine adultery, or maintain multiple simultaneous sexual relationships, or both.
Essay on the Research of Human Behaviour: Getting involved in human research appears to be an occupational hazard for animal behaviour researchers. Others made the move earlier in their careers, with greater impact, essay on behavior.
Just as they had done in their studies of other animals, Blurton Jones, Eibl-Eibesfeldt, and essay on behavior who had begun essay on behavior call their field of research human ethology initially concentrated on categorizing overt motor patterns and counting how often each behavioural act was executed. Indeed, other scientists without animal behaviour training were coming to similar views about the need essay on behavior a more objective observational approach at about this time, and a few even turned to Darwin for inspiration.
An interesting example is the work of Paul Ekman, essay on behavior, an American psychologist who traveled to highland New Guinea and other remote places to prove that facial expressions of emotion and their interpretations by observers is cross- culturally universal rather than exhibiting arbitrary cultural variation from place to place, as many anthropologists had supposed.
This research program was akin to that of Eibl- Eibesfeldt in its questions, its theoretical foundations, and its results, but perhaps because Ekman was trained in psychology, he was less reluctant than the ethologist to use elicited verbal data as his test of universality. Of course, one might say that the classical ethological approach has withered in nonhuman research too, with the ascendancy of behavioural ecology, but the hallmark of classical ethology, namely observational study of human behaviour in its natural context, has not been forsaken.
Although other creatures can learn from conspecifics and may even have local traditions, human cultural transmission and the diversity of practices that it has engendered are unique, and how we should approach the study of human behaviour from an evolutionary adaptationist perspective is therefore controversial.
One approach to the issue of cultural diversity is to attempt to make sense of the distinct practices of people in different parts of the world as representing facultative adaptation to the diversity in local ecological circumstances. A nice example is provided by demonstrations that cross- cultural variation in the use of spices is partly to be understood as response to variation in local and foodstuff- specific rates at which unrefrigerated foods spoil and in the antimicrobial effectiveness of particular spices.
The best-known essay on behavior of the coevolution of human genes and human culture concerns the variable prevalence of genes that permit people to digest milk and milk products beyond early childhood. In populations that lack dairying traditions, most adults are lactose-intolerant and suffer indigestion if they drink milk, because they no longer produce lactase, essay on behavior, the enzyme that permits us to metabolize lactose.
But in populations with a long history of dairying, essay on behavior, genotypes that engender persistent lactase production into adulthood predominate, apparently as a result of natural selection favouring those able to derive nutrition from their herds. Enlightening as such approaches may be, however, they can never make functional sense of every particular cultural phenomenon, essay on behavior, for it is certain that a great deal of cultural variability is functionally arbitrary in its details, and at least a few culturally prescribed practices have disastrous fitness consequences.
A famous example, of such a disastrous cultural practice essay on behavior the transmission of kuru, essay on behavior, a fatal prion- induced brain disease akin to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, among the Fore people of highland New Guinea. Like other prion-induced diseases, kuru is not easily transmitted under most circumstances, but as a result of funerary practices that included intimate handling of corpses and ritual cannibalism of parts of deceased kinsmen, the Fore suffered an epidemic resulting in high levels of mortality, essay on behavior.
Essay on the Measurement of Human Behaviour It is true that over the essay on behavior psychology has moved towards becoming a quantitative science which tries to introduce measurements with precision and accuracy comparable to measurements in exact sciences such as physics, chemistry, etc.
There is no doubt that the acceptance of model essay on behavior the exact sciences has contributed very much to the growth and development of scientific psychology. It must be stated that modern psychologists have gone far ahead of other social and behavioural sciences. In fact other social sciences such as sociology and political science have tried to adopt the tools and techniques of psychology for their own research and study.
However, the particular problem of quantifying and measuring behaviour still has its own peculiarities. While we may accept the standards and norms of accuracy and prediction set by the exact sciences, nevertheless, psychologists have had and will have to develop their own approaches to measurement and quantification of behaviour because of the very nature and characteristics of human behaviour.
Firstly all types of human behaviour are not explicit or visible. Only some essay on behavior of behaviour are capable of being measured with instruments and gadgets directly.
Thus, the inner needs and motives are difficult to measure directly. Secondly, the individuals themselves would not be willing or ready to reveal certain aspects of human behaviour such as inner conflicts, problems of adjustments etc. Thirdly the psycho-analytic school demonstrated the importance of unconscious processes which are essay on behavior open to the awareness of the behaving individuals themselves.
Such aspects have to be mostly inferred or measured through indirect methods. Thus, we may broadly categories measurements in psychology into indirect and direct measures. Early attempts at measurement in psychology were simple and direct and were essay on behavior with those aspects of human behaviour that could be essay on behavior measured. Later, with the enthusiasm of psychologists to measure other aspects of human behaviour, indirect approaches were developed.
By and large, sensations, learning, remembering, perception and similar variables are measured through direct means whereas indirect measures are largely used in studying motivational, personality and attitudinal variables. Most intelligence tests are direct measures of intelligence while all the projective tests are indirect measures. Yet another point that may be borne in mind is that direct measures are largely independent of specific theories of behaviour or personality.
In fact, psychologists with different theoretical approaches and biases employed the same direct measures. Indirect measures are largely associated with specific theories. Thus, projective tests such as the Rorschach test and TAT rest on certain basic assumptions about human behaviour and personality. Therefore, it can be said that direct measures give us measures of behaviour as they occur, while indirect measures give us scores which are arrived at on the basis of inferences and interpretations based on particular theories.
Indirect measures are based on particular rationales. It is also possible to consider psychological measures as empirical measures and rational measures. Empirical measures are based on the occurrence of certain behavioural patterns and are statistically arrived at. They are not based on any theory.
Logical measures are based on certain theories. The best instance of convergence of the two traditions is found in the construction of attitude scales. It is essay on behavior that there are many instances where behavioural measures can be contaminated by errors. The requisites of accuracy, validity and reliability were explained.
Naturally, when a number of errors creep in, the characteristics are affected adversely. Errors in psychological measures are of two types; systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors are those which occur repeatedly and are constant. Such an error is called a systematic error, essay on behavior. Whenever we measure human behaviour we should be aware of the presence of such errors.
Systematic errors are avoided by a very careful choice and usage of the test. Random errors are taken care of by making repeated measurements and taking the average of all these scores. Errors in measurement, therefore, essay on behavior, result from the defects in the measuring tools, defects in the measuring conditions and also certain factors in the subject as well as the experimenter. Essay on the Controversies in the Study of Human Behaviour: There are a number of current controversies in the study of human behaviour from an evolutionary perspective, and most of them closely parallel ongoing controversies in animal behaviour more generally, essay on behavior.
One perennial point of discussion is whether measures of reproductive success are essential for testing adaptationist hypotheses. These arguments are sometimes read as if the issue applies only to the cultural animal Homo sapiens but, as Thornhill has pointed out, essay on behavior same debate can be found in the nonhuman literature, with writers like Wade and Reeve and Sherman arguing that fitness consequences provide the best test of adaptationist hypotheses, whereas Thornhill and Williams defend the opposing view.
This concept is often invoked in attempts to understand the prevalence of some unhealthy or otherwise unfit practice in the modern world, such as damaging levels of consumption of refined sugar or psychoactive drugs.
The point is simply that these substances did not exist in the selective environment that shaped the human adaptations they now exploit, and that this is why we lack defenses against their harmful effects. The EEA concept has become controversial because several writers believe that it entails untestable assumptions about the past; presupposes that human evolution stopped in the Pleistocene; and is invoked in essay on behavior pseudo-explanatory post-hoc fashion to dispose of puzzling failures of adaptation, essay on behavior.
Yet it is surely not controversial that a world with novel chemical pollutants, televised violence, internet pornography, and exogenous opiates is very different from that in which the characteristic essay on behavior of human psychophysiology evolved. Once again, these debates about the utility of the EEA concept are read as if the issue were peculiar to the human case.
Byers, for example, has argued that various aspects of the human behaviour of the pronghorn, a social ungulate of North American grasslands, essay on behavior, can only be understood as adaptations to predators that are now extinct. Similarly, Coss et al. have demonstrated that California ground squirrels from different populations, none of which presently live in sympatry with rattlesnakes, may or may not exhibit adaptive anti-predator responses to introduced snakes and that the difference reflects how many millennia have passed since the squirrel populations lost contact with the rattlesnakes.
Yet another issue of current controversy concerns the reasons why there is so much genetic diversity affecting behavioural diversity within human populations. Personality essay on behavior in which there are stable individual differences consistently prove to have heritabilities of around 0. One possibility is that the diversity is a functionless byproduct of the fact that selection on many traits is weak relative to mutation pressure; in finite populations, not all attributes can be optimized by selection simultaneously.
Another possibility is that heritable diversity in personality represents the expression of formerly neutral, variants in evolutionary novel environments. Finally, Wilson has defended the possibility that there is a substantial prevalence of adaptive behavioural polymorphisms maintained by selection on the behavioural phenotypes themselves. Once again, essay on behavior, this is obviously an issue of relevance in other species as well as human beings, and it is not an easy issue to resolve.
However, the right answer will influence how we should look at matters ranging from sexual selection to psychopathology. Gangestad has argued essay on behavior there is an evolutionarily stable mix of women with distinct sexualities such that some are inclined to long-term monogamy and others are not. Lalumière et al, essay on behavior. How such ideas will fare in the light of future theorizing and research is an open question.
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Classroom Behavior Management And Its Effects On Students Behavior Essay Words | 4 Pages. Classroom behavior management is considered to be one of the most important factors to determine student’s behaviors. With that being said, the study evaluated classroom behavior strategies that are aligned with Positive Behavioral Interventions Essays on Behavior Taylor Swift – a Role Model for Me Right before any big exams at high school, I usually spent fifteen minutes walking down the hallway, from the school yard to wherever the exam will be held. In the past years, I used to have · Human Behaviour Essay. admin May 18, ‘Human behaviour and performance are the result of multiple influences. ‘ Examine and assess this assertion, drawing on examples from Chapter 1,6 and 7 of Discovering Psychology. Internal and External Influences on Human Behaviour and Performance Research has examined the influence of a wide range of factors on human behaviour Estimated Reading Time: 10 mins
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